catflap.org Online Dictionary Query |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (27 SEP 03) : [ foldoc ]
chad
/chad/ (Or "selvage" /sel'v*j/ (sewing and
weaving), "{perf", "perfory", "snaf"). 1. The perforated
edge strips on paper for sprocket feed printers, after they
have been separated from the printed portion.
The term perf may also refer to the perforations themselves,
rather than the chad they produce when torn.
[Why "snaf"?]
2. (Or "chaff", "computer confetti", "keypunch droppings") The
confetti-like bits punched out of punched cards or paper
tape which collected in the chad box.
One of the Jargon File's correspondents believed that "chad"
derived from the chadless keypunch.
[{Jargon File]
(1997-07-18)
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44 : [ gcide ]
Shad \Shad\ (sh[a^]d), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of
fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a
herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a
fish.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring
family. The American species ({Alosa sapidissima formerly
Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic
coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an
important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose
({Alosa alosa formerly Clupea alosa), and the twaite shad
({Alosa finta formerly Clupea finta), are less important
species. [Written also chad.]
[1913 Webster]
Note: The name is loosely applied, also, to several other
fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard),
called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter
shad.
[1913 Webster]
Hardboaded shad, or Yellow-tailed shad, the menhaden.
Hickory shad, or Tailor shad, the mattowacca.
Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food
fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus
Gerres.
Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs
or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier ({A.
Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose
blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and
the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence
they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called
service tree, and Juneberry.
Shad+frog,+an+American+spotted+frog+({Rana+halecina" rel="nofollow">Shad frog, an American spotted frog ({Rana halecina); --
so called because it usually appears at the time when the
shad begin to run in the rivers.
Trout shad, the squeteague.
White shad, the common shad.
[1913 Webster]
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44 : [ gcide ]
Chad \Chad\, n.
See Shad. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
From Jargon File (4.3.1, 29 Jun 2001) : [ jargon ]
chad /chad/ n. 1. [common] The perforated edge strips on printer paper,
after they have been separated from the printed portion. Also called
selvage, perf, and ripoff. 2. The confetti-like paper bits punched
out of cards or paper tape; this has also been called `chaff', `computer
confetti', and `keypunch droppings'. It's reported that this was very
old Army slang (associated with teletypewriters before the computer
era), and has been occasionally sighted in directions for punched-card
vote tabulators long after it passed out of live use among computer
programmers in the late 1970s. This sense of `chad' returned to the
mainstream during the finale of the hotly disputed U.S. presidential
election in 2000 via stories about the Florida vote recounts. Note
however that in the revived mainstream usage chad is not a mass noun and
`a chad' is a single piece of the stuff.
There is an urban legend that `chad' (sense 2) derives from the
Chadless keypunch (named for its inventor), which cut little u-shaped
tabs in the card to make a hole when the tab folded back, rather than
punching out a circle/rectangle; it was clear that if the Chadless
keypunch didn't make them, then the stuff that other keypunches made had
to be `chad'. However, serious attempts to track down "Chadless" as a
personal name or U.S. trademark have failed, casting doubt on this
etymology - and the U.S. Patent Classification System uses "chadless"
(small c) as an adjective, suggesting that "chadless" derives from
"chad" and not the other way around. There is another legend that the
word was originally acronymic, standing for "Card Hole Aggregate
Debris", but this has all the earmarks of a backronym. It has also
been noted that the word "chad" is Scots dialect for gravel, but nobody
has proposed any plausible reason that card chaff should be thought of
as gravel. None of these etymologies is really plausible.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) : [ web1913 ]
Shad \Shad\ (sh[a^]d), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of
fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a
herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a
fish.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring
family. The American species ({Clupea sapidissima), which is
abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers
in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European
allice shad, or alose ({C. alosa), and the twaite shad. ({C.
finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]
Note: The name is loosely applied, also, to several other
fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard),
called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter
shad.
Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden.
Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca.
Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food
fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus
Gerres.
Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs
or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier ({A.
Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose
blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and
the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence
they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called
service tree, and Juneberry.
Shad+frog,+an+American+spotted+frog+({Rana+halecina" rel="nofollow">Shad frog, an American spotted frog ({Rana halecina); --
so called because it usually appears at the time when the
shad begin to run in the rivers.
Trout shad, the squeteague.
White shad, the common shad.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) : [ web1913 ]
Chad \Chad\, n.
See Shad. [Obs.]
From WordNet (r) 2.0 : [ wn ]
chad
n 1: a small piece of paper that is supposed to be removed when a
hole is punched in a card or paper tape
2: a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river [syn:
Lake Chad]
3: a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa; was
under French control until 1960 [syn: Republic of Chad,
Tchad]
4: a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones)
spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north
central Africa [syn: Chadic, Chadic language]
From CIA World Factbook 2002 : [ world02 ]
Chad
Introduction Chad
-----------------
Background: Chad, part of France's African
holdings until 1960, endured three
decades of ethnic warfare as well as
invasions by Libya before a
semblance of peace was finally
restored in 1990. The government
eventually suppressed or came to
terms with most political-military
groups, settled a territorial
dispute with Libya on terms
favorable to Chad, drafted a
democratic constitution, and held
multiparty presidential and National
Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997
respectively. In 1998 a new
rebellion broke out in northern
Chad, which continued to escalate
throughout 2000. A peace agreement,
signed in January 2002 between the
government and the rebels, provides
for the demobilization of the rebels
and their reintegration into the
political system. Despite movement
toward democratic reform, power
remains in the hands of a northern
ethnic oligarchy.
Geography Chad
--------------
Location: Central Africa, south of Libya
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 1.284 million sq km
water: 24,800 sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than three times the
size of California
Land boundaries: total: 5,968 km
border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km,
Central African Republic 1,197 km,
Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km,
Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: tropical in south, desert in north
Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert
in north, mountains in northwest,
lowlands in south
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160
m
highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but
exploration under way), uranium,
natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Land use: arable land: 2.78%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 97.2% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 200 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds
occur in north; periodic droughts;
locust plagues
Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable
water; improper waste disposal in
rural areas contributes to soil and
water pollution; desertification
Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate
agreements: Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping
Geography - note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most
significant water body in the Sahel
People Chad
-----------
Population: 8,997,237 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 47.8% (male 2,162,732;
female 2,135,354)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,108,134;
female 2,340,189)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male
103,683; female 147,145) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.27% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 47.74 births/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Death rate: 15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002
est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/
female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/
female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 93.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2002
est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.27 years
female: 53.4 years (2002 est.)
male: 49.22 years
Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 5%-7% (2001)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ 300,000 (2001)
AIDS:
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 14,000 (confirmed AIDS cases, actual
number far higher but difficult to
estimate) (2001)
Nationality: noun: Chadian(s)
adjective: Chadian
Ethnic groups: 200 distinct groups; in the north
and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou,
Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou,
Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe,
Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba,
most of whom are Muslim; in the
south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye,
Goulaye), Moundang, Moussei, Massa,
most of whom are Christian or
animist; about 1,000 French citizens
live in Chad
Religions: Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist
7%, other 7%
Languages: French (official), Arabic
(official), Sara (in south), more
than 120 different languages and
dialects
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read
and write French or Arabic
total population: 40%
male: 49%
female: 31% (1998)
Government Chad
---------------
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of
Chad
conventional short form: Chad
local long form: Republique du Tchad
local short form: Tchad
Government type: republic
Capital: N'Djamena
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures,
singular - prefecture); Batha,
Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti,
Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac,
Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental,
Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai,
Salamat, Tandjile
note: instead of 14 prefectures,
there may be a new administrative
structure of 28 departments
(departments, singular -
department), and 1 city*; Assongha,
Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh,
Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental,
Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi,
Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem,
Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental,
Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-
Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam,
N'djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila,
Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile
Occidental, Tibesti
Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
Constitution: passed by referendum 31 March 1996
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
Chadian customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Lt. Gen.
Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister
Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December
1999)
cabinet: Council of State, members
appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss
DEBY reelected president; percent of
vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%,
Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO
7%
note: government coalition - MPS,
UNDR, and URD
elections: president elected by
popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at
least 50% of the total vote, the two
candidates receiving the most votes
must stand for a second round of
voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next
to be held NA 2006); prime minister
appointed by the president
Legislative branch: bicameral according to constitution,
consists of a National Assembly (155
seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms) and a
Senate (not yet created and size
unspecified, members to serve six-
year terms, one-third of membership
renewable every two years)
election results: percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - MPS
110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5,
UNDR 3, others 11
elections: National Assembly - last
held 25 April 2002 (next to be held
in NA April 2006)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
Political parties and leaders: Federation Action for the Republic
or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National
Rally for Development and Progress
or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National
Union for Development and Renewal or
UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; National Union
for Renewal and Democracy or UNRD
[leader NA]; Party for Liberty and
Democracy or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat
SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement
or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT,
chairman] (originally in opposition
but now the party in power and the
party of the president); Rally for
Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal
Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy
and the Republic or UDR [Jean
Bawoyeu ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal
and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for
Development and Progress or Viva
RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
Political pressure groups and NA
leaders:
International organization ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC,
participation: CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW
(signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE
chancery: 2002 R Street NW,
Washington, DC 20009
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937
telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009
Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador
US: Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT
embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue,
N'Djamena
mailing address: B. P. 413,
N'Djamena
telephone: [235] (51) 70-09
FAX: [235] (51) 56-54
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), yellow, and red;
similar to the flag of Romania; also
similar to the flags of Andorra and
Moldova, both of which have a
national coat of arms centered in
the yellow band; design was based on
the flag of France
Economy Chad
------------
Economy - overview: Chad's primarily agricultural
economy will be boosted by major
oilfield and pipeline projects that
began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's
population relies on subsistence
farming and stock raising for their
livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum
arabic provide the bulk of Chad's
export earnings, but Chad will begin
to export oil in 2004. Chad's
economy has long been handicapped by
its land-locked position, high
energy costs, and a history of
instability. Chad relies on foreign
assistance and foreign capital for
most public and private sector
investment projects. A consortium
led by two US companies is investing
$3.7 billion to develop oil reserves
estimated at 1 billion barrels in
southern Chad.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8.9
billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 8% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,030
(2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38%
industry: 13%
services: 49% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 80% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: NA%
percentage share: highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (2000 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture more than 80%
(subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $198 million
expenditures: $218 million,
including capital expenditures of
$146 million (1998 est.)
Industries: cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer
brewing, natron (sodium carbonate),
soap, cigarettes, construction
materials
Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1995)
Electricity - production: 92 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 85.56 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts,
rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca);
cattle, sheep, goats, camels
Exports: $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities: cotton, cattle, gum arabic
Exports - partners: Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand,
Costa Rica, South Africa, France,
Nigeria (2001)
Imports: $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transportation
equipment, industrial goods,
petroleum products, foodstuffs,
textiles
Imports - partners: France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria
12%, India 5% (1999)
Debt - external: $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $238.3 million (1995); note - $125
million committed by Taiwan (August
1997); $30 million committed by
African Development Bank
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine
franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Currency code: XAF
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs (XAF) per US dollar - 742.79
(January 2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1
January 1999, the XAF is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF
per euro
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Chad
-------------------
Telephones - main lines in use: 10,260 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 20,000 (2002)
Telephone system: general assessment: primitive system
domestic: fair system of
radiotelephone communication
stations
international: satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios: 1.67 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)
Televisions: 10,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .td
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
Internet users: 1,000 (2000)
Transportation Chad
-------------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 33,400 km
paved: 450 km
note: probably no more than 8,000 km
of the total receive maintenance,
the remainder being desert tracks
(2000)
unpaved: 32,950 km
Waterways: 2,000 km
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: 49 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 42
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 10 (2001)
Military Chad
-------------
Military branches: Armed Forces (including National
Army, Air Force, and Gendarmerie),
Rapid Intervention Force, National
and Nomadic Guard (GNNT),
Presidential Security Guard, Police
Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,881,769 (2002
est.)
Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 985,094 (2002 est.)
service:
Military manpower - reaching males: 82,003 (2002 est.)
military age annually:
Military expenditures - dollar $31 million (FY01)
figure:
Military expenditures - percent of 1.9% (FY01)
GDP:
Transnational Issues Chad
-------------------------
Disputes - international: Lake Chad Commission urges
signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
and Nigeria to ratify delimitation
treaty over lake region, the site of
continuing armed clashes; Nigeria
requests and Chad rejects
redemarcation of boundary, which
lacks clear demarcation in sections
and has caused several cross-border
incidents; Chadian rebels from Aozou
reside in Libya
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) : [ world95 ]Chad Chad:Geography Location: Central Africa, south of Libya Map references: Africa Area: total area: 1.284 million sq km land area: 1,259,200 sq km comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of California Land boundaries: total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and Libya belongs to Chad; Libya has withdrawn some of its forces in response to the ICJ ruling, but still maintains an airfield in the disputed area; demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria Climate: tropical in south, desert in north Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 36% forest and woodland: 11% other: 51% Irrigated land: 100 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping Note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel Chad:People Population: 5,586,505 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 44% (female 1,198,619; male 1,267,470) 15-64 years: 54% (female 1,563,678; male 1,456,481) 65 years and over: 2% (female 71,971; male 28,286) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 2.18% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 42.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 20.26 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 129.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 41.19 years male: 40.04 years female: 42.38 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian Ethnic divisions: north and center: Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) south: non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs, animism 25% Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken Literacy: age 15 and over has the ability to read and write in French and Arabic (1990 est.) total population: 30% male: 42% female: 18% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) Chad:Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad local short form: Tchad Digraph: CD Type: republic Capital: N'Djamena Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France) National holiday: Independence Day 11 August (1960) Constitution: 22 December 1989 (suspended 3 December 1990); Provisional National Charter 1 March 1991 is in effect (note - the constitutional commission, which was drafting a new constitution to submit to transitional parliament for ratification in April 1994, failed to do so but expects to submit a new draft to the parliament before the end of April 1995) Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: universal at age NA Executive branch: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY, since 4 December 1990 (after seizing power on 3 December 1990 - transitional government's mandate expires April 1996) head of government: Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA (since 9 April 1995) cabinet: Council of State; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime minister Legislative branch: unicameral National Consultative Council (Conceil National Consultatif): elections, formerly scheduled for April 1995, were postponed by mutual agreement of the parties concerned until some time prior to April 1996; elections last held 8 July 1990; the National Consultative Council was disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the Republic having 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991; this, in turn, was replaced by a 57-member Higher Transitional Council (Conseil Superieur de Transition) elected by a specially convened Sovereign National Conference on 6 April 1993 Judicial branch: Court of Appeal Political parties and leaders: Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), former dissident group, Idriss DEBY, chairman note: President DEBY, who promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and free elections by April 1994, subsequently twice postponed these initiatives, first until April 1995 and again until sometime before April 1996; there are numerous dissident groups and at least 45 opposition political parties Other political or pressure groups: NA Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Saleh AHMAT chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009 FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Laurence E. POPE II embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena telephone: [235] (51) 62 18, (51) 40 09, (51) 47 59 FAX: [235] (51) 33 72 Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France Economy Overview: Climate, geographic remoteness, poor resource endowment, and lack of infrastructure make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world. Its economy is hobbled by political turmoil, conflict with Libya, drought, and food shortages. Consequently the economy has shown little progress in recent years in overcoming a severe setback brought on by civil war in the late 1980s. More than 80% of the work force is involved in subsistence farming and fishing. Cotton is the major cash crop, accounting for at least half of exports. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, especially food credits, given chronic shortages in several regions. Of all the Francophone countries in Africa, Chad has benefited the least from the 50% devaluation of their currencies on 12 January 1994. Despite an increase in external financial aid and favorable price increases for cotton - the primary source of foreign exchange - the corrupt and enfeebled government bureaucracy continues to dampen economic enterprise by neglecting payments to domestic suppliers and public sector salaries. Oil production in the Lake Chad area remains a distant prospect and the subsistence-driven economy probably will continue to limp along in the near term. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.8 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $530 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): -4.1% (1992) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues: $120 million expenditures: $363 million, including capital expenditures of $104 million (1992 est.) Exports: $190 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish partners: France, Nigeria, Cameroon Imports: $261 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment partners: US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon External debt: $492 million (December 1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 2.7% (1992 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 40,000 kW production: 80 million kWh consumption per capita: 13 kWh (1993) Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes Agriculture: accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 million Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990) note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948 Fiscal year: calendar year Chad:Transportation Railroads: 0 km Highways: total: 31,322 km paved: bituminous 263 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 7,069 km; earth 23,990 km Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable Ports: none Airports: total: 66 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 23 with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 17 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 21 Chad:Communications Telephone system: NA telephones; primitive system local: NA intercity: fair system of radio communication stations for intercity links international: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station Radio: broadcast stations: AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: NA; note - limited TV service; many facilties are inoperative televisions: NA Chad:Defense Forces Branches: Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,307,210; males fit for military service 679,640; males reach military age (20) annually 54,945 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $74 million, 11.1% of GDP (1994)From Greek Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-el-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Ισπανικά n.
(τόπος es χώρα Αφρική), το Τσαντ
From English Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
chad
n.
1 (lb en uncountable) Small pieces of paper punched out from the
edges of continuous stationery, or from ballot papers, paper tape,
punched cards, etc.
2 (lb en countable) One of these pieces of paper.
contraction
(lb en West Country obsolete) I had
n.
(lb en Internet slang seduction community incel slang) (alternative
spelling of en Chad alpha-male; a virile man)
Palauan n.
person
From English Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Asturian n.
(l en Chad)
Cebuano n.
(given name ceb male from=Old English)
Cebuano n.
1 (place ceb country r/Central Africa)
2 (place ceb lake r/Central Africa)
Central Nahuatl n.
(place nhn country cont/Africa t=Chad)
Spanish n.
(l en Chad)
From English Wiktionary: English language only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-en-2023-07-27 ]
chad
n.
1 (lb en uncountable) Small pieces of paper punched out from the
edges of continuous stationery, or from ballot papers, paper tape,
punched cards, etc.
2 (lb en countable) One of these pieces of paper.
contraction
(lb en West Country obsolete) I had
n.
(lb en Internet slang seduction community incel slang) (alternative
spelling of en Chad alpha-male; a virile man)
From English Wiktionary: English language only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-en-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
alt.
(alter en chad)
n.
(lb en internet slang seduction community incel slang) A very
handsome, usually tall, man whom women find sexually attractive; at
times seen as an alpha male of a group.
n.
(given name en male from=Old English). Also a modern nickname for
Charles, Chadwick and similar-sounding names
alt.
(alter en Tchad dated)
n.
(senseid en Q657)(place en country r/Central Africa official=Republic
of Chad).
From English Wiktionary: Western, Greek, and Slavonic languages only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-Western_Greek_Slavonic-2023-07-27 ]
chad
n.
1 (lb en uncountable) Small pieces of paper punched out from the
edges of continuous stationery, or from ballot papers, paper tape,
punched cards, etc.
2 (lb en countable) One of these pieces of paper.
contraction
(lb en West Country obsolete) I had
n.
(lb en Internet slang seduction community incel slang) (alternative
spelling of en Chad alpha-male; a virile man)
Welsh n.
(aspirate mutation of cy cad)
From English Wiktionary: Western, Greek, and Slavonic languages only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-Western_Greek_Slavonic-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Maltese n.
(place mt country cont/Africa t=Chad)
Spanish n.
(l en Chad)
From English Wiktionary: Western languages only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-Western-2023-07-27 ]
chad
n.
1 (lb en uncountable) Small pieces of paper punched out from the
edges of continuous stationery, or from ballot papers, paper tape,
punched cards, etc.
2 (lb en countable) One of these pieces of paper.
contraction
(lb en West Country obsolete) I had
n.
(lb en Internet slang seduction community incel slang) (alternative
spelling of en Chad alpha-male; a virile man)
Welsh n.
(aspirate mutation of cy cad)
From English Wiktionary: Western languages only (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-en-Western-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Maltese n.
(place mt country cont/Africa t=Chad)
Spanish n.
(l en Chad)
From Finnish Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-fi-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
chad
Englanti n.
paperin rei'ityksestä jääneet roskat; yksittäinen sellainen
From Finnish Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-fi-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Espanja n.
Tšad
Ido n.
Tšad
From Swedish Wiktionary: All languages (2023-07-27) : [ dictinfo.com:wikt-sv-ALL-2023-07-27 ]
Chad
Engelska n.
(tagg kat=länder språk=en) Tchad
Extremaduriska n.
(tagg kat=länder språk=ext) Tchad
Spanska n.
(tagg kat=länder språk=es) Tchad
From English-Arabic FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.6.3 : [ freedict:eng-ara ]Chad /tʃˈad/ تشادFrom English-български език FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-bul ]
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-Czech dicts.info/FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.1.3 : [ freedict:eng-ces ]Чад 2. country 3. lake
chad /tʃˈad/From English - German Ding/FreeDict dictionary ver. 1.9-fd1 : [ freedict:eng-deu ]konfeta
chad /tʃˈad/ LochkartenschnipselFrom English - German Ding/FreeDict dictionary ver. 1.9-fd1 : [ freedict:eng-deu ], Stanzabfall , Stanzrest , Computer-Konfetti [comp.] [hist.]
Chad /tʃˈad/ TschadFrom English-suomi FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-fin ][geogr.] TD, /tˌiːdˈiː/ Note: Kfz:
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-French FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.1.6 : [ freedict:eng-fra ]Tšad 2. country 3. lake
Chad /tʃæd/ TchadFrom English-Croatian FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.2.2 : [ freedict:eng-hrv ]
Chad /tʃˈad/ ČadFrom English-Bahasa Indonesia FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-ind ]
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-日本語 (にほんご) FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-jpn ]Chad 2. country 3. lake
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-Lithuanian FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.7.2 : [ freedict:eng-lit ]チャド 2. country 3. lake
Chad /tʃæd/ ČadasFrom English-Norsk FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-nor ]
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-Svenska FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:eng-swe ]Tsjad 2. country 3. lake
Chad //t͡ʃæd//From English-Turkish FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.3 : [ freedict:eng-tur ]Tchad 2. country 3. lake
chad /tʃˈad/ 1. Çad.From Lenga d'òc - Català FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.1.1 : [ freedict:oci-cat ]
ChadFrom język polski-English FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:pol-eng ]Txad
Chad /xˈat/From język polski-Norsk FreeDict+WikDict dictionary ver. 2023.05.29 : [ freedict:pol-nor ]Chad 2. (potocznie, potoczny) (pejoratywnie, pejoratywny) stereotypowy przystojny, młody mężczyzna, mający powodzenie, ale niezbyt rozgarnięty intelektualnie, obiekt kpin w memach 3. anglosaskie imię męskie
Chad /xˈat/From Spanish-German FreeDict Dictionary ver. 0.1 : [ freedict:spa-deu ]Tsjad 2. (potocznie, potoczny) (pejoratywnie, pejoratywny) stereotypowy przystojny, młody mężczyzna, mający powodzenie, ale niezbyt rozgarnięty intelektualnie, obiekt kpin w memach 3. anglosaskie imię męskie
Chad /tʃˈad/ TschadFrom IPA:en_US : [ IPA:en_US ]
From XDICT the English-Chinese dictionary : [ xdict ]/ˈtʃæd/
n. 纸孔;屑