catflap.org Online Dictionary Query

  Pascal
       
           (After the French mathematician Blaise Pascal
          (1623-1662)) A programming language designed by Niklaus
          Wirth around 1970.  Pascal was designed for simplicity and
          for teaching programming, in reaction to the complexity of
          ALGOL 68.  It emphasises structured programming
          constructs, data structures and strong typing. Innovations
          included enumeration types, subranges, sets, variant
          records, and the case statement.  Pascal has been extremely
          influential in programming language design and has a great
          number of variants and descendants.
       
          ANSI/IEEE770X3.97-1993 is very similar to ISO Pascal but
          does not include conformant arrays.
       
          ISO 7185-1983(E).  Level 0 and Level 1.  Changes from Jensen &
          Wirth's Pascal include name equivalence; names must be bound
          before they are used; loop index must be local to the
          procedure; formal procedure parameters must include their
          arguments; conformant array schemas.
       
          An ALGOL-descended language designed by Niklaus Wirth on the
          CDC 6600 around 1967--68 as an instructional tool for
          elementary programming.  This language, designed primarily to
          keep students from shooting themselves in the foot and thus
          extremely restrictive from a general-purpose-programming point
          of view, was later promoted as a general-purpose tool and, in
          fact, became the ancestor of a large family of languages
          including Modula-2 and Ada (see also bondage-and-discipline
          language).  The hackish point of view on Pascal was probably
          best summed up by a devastating (and, in its deadpan way,
          screamingly funny) 1981 paper by Brian Kernighan (of K&R
          fame) entitled "Why Pascal is Not My Favourite Programming
          Language", which was turned down by the technical journals but
          circulated widely via photocopies.  It was eventually
          published in "Comparing and Assessing Programming Languages",
          edited by Alan Feuer and Narain Gehani (Prentice-Hall, 1984).
          Part of his discussion is worth repeating here, because its
          criticisms are still apposite to Pascal itself after ten years
          of improvement and could also stand as an indictment of many
          other bondage-and-discipline languages.  At the end of a
          summary of the case against Pascal, Kernighan wrote:
       
          9. There is no escape
       
          This last point is perhaps the most important.  The language
          is inadequate but circumscribed, because there is no way to
          escape its limitations.  There are no casts to disable the
          type-checking when necessary.  There is no way to replace the
          defective run-time environment with a sensible one, unless one
          controls the compiler that defines the "standard procedures".
          The language is closed.
       
          People who use Pascal for serious programming fall into a
          fatal trap.  Because the language is impotent, it must be
          extended.  But each group extends Pascal in its own direction,
          to make it look like whatever language they really want.
          Extensions for separate compilation, Fortran-like COMMON,
          string data types, internal static variables, initialisation,
          octal numbers, bit operators, etc., all add to the utility
          of the language for one group but destroy its portability to
          others.
       
          I feel that it is a mistake to use Pascal for anything much
          beyond its original target.  In its pure form, Pascal is a toy
          language, suitable for teaching but not for real programming.
       
          Pascal has since been almost entirely displaced (by C) from
          the niches it had acquired in serious applications and systems
          programming, but retains some popularity as a hobbyist
          language in the MS-DOS and Macintosh worlds.
       
          See also Kamin's interpreters, p2c.
       
          ["The Programming Language Pascal", N. Wirth, Acta Informatica
          1:35-63, 1971].
       
          ["PASCAL User Manual and Report", K. Jensen & N. Wirth,
          Springer 1975] made significant revisions to the language.
       
          [BS 6192, "Specification for Computer Programming Language
          Pascal", British Standards Institute 1982].
       
          [{Jargon File]
       
          (1996-06-12)
       
       

  Pascal-
       
          Pascal subset used in Brinch Hansen on Pascal Compilers, P.
          Brinch Hansen, P-H 1985.
       
          [{Jargon File]
       
       

  Pascal n. An Algol-descended language designed by Niklaus Wirth on the
     CDC 6600 around 1967-68 as an instructional tool for elementary
     programming. This language, designed primarily to keep students from
     shooting themselves in the foot and thus extremely restrictive from a
     general-purpose-programming point of view, was later promoted as a
     general-purpose tool and, in fact, became the ancestor of a large family
     {Ada" rel="nofollow">of languages including Modula-2 and {Ada (see also
     bondage-and-discipline language). The hackish point of view on Pascal
     was probably best summed up by a devastating (and, in its deadpan way,
     screamingly funny) 1981 paper by Brian Kernighan (of K&R fame)
     entitled "Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language", which was
     turned down by the technical journals but circulated widely via
     photocopies. It was eventually published in "Comparing and Assessing
     Programming Languages", edited by Alan Feuer and Narain Gehani
     (Prentice-Hall, 1984). Part of his discussion is worth repeating here,
     because its criticisms are still apposite to Pascal itself after many
     years of improvement and could also stand as an indictment of many other
     bondage-and-discipline languages. (The entire essay is available at
     `http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html'.) At the end of a
     summary of the case against Pascal, Kernighan wrote:
  
    9. There is no escape
    
    This last point is perhaps the most important.  The language is
    inadequate but circumscribed, because there is no way to escape its
    limitations.  There are no casts to disable the type-checking when
    necessary.  There is no way to replace the defective run-time
    environment with a sensible one, unless one controls the compiler
    that defines the "standard procedures".  The language is closed.
    
    People who use Pascal for serious programming fall into a fatal
    trap.  Because the language is impotent, it must be extended.  But
    each group extends Pascal in its own direction, to make it look
    like whatever language they really want.  Extensions for separate
    compilation, FORTRAN-like COMMON, string data types, internal
    static variables, initialization, octal numbers, bit operators,
    etc., all add to the utility of the language for one group but
    destroy its portability to others.
    
    I feel that it is a mistake to use Pascal for anything much beyond
    its original target.  In its pure form, Pascal is a toy language,
    suitable for teaching but not for real programming.
    
     Pascal has since been entirely displaced (mainly by C) from the
     niches it had acquired in serious applications and systems programming,
     and from its role as a teaching language by Java.
  
  

  pascal
       n 1: a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter
            [syn: Pa]
       2: French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented
          an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory
          of probability (1623-1662) [syn: Blaise Pascal]
       3: a programing language designed to teach programming through
          a top-down modular approach

  pascal
     Γαλλικά a.
     1 (ετ φυσική fr) το πασκάλ, μονάδα μέτρησης της πίεσης
     2 (ετ πληροφ fr) η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού πασκάλ
     Γαλλικά n.
     1 (ετ φυσική fr) το πασκάλ, μονάδα μέτρησης της πίεσης
     2 (ετ πληροφ fr) η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού πασκάλ

  Pascal
     Γαλλικά n.
     1 κοινού γένους (όνομα fr  t=Πασχάλης)
     2 (επώνυμο fr  )

  pascal
     Danish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure and stress)
     Finnish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure or stress)
     Hungarian n.
     #English (gloss: the unit of pressure and stress)
     Spanish n.
     (l en pascal)

  Pascal
     German n.
     n pascal (unit)
     German n.
     n (given name de male from=French)
     Hungarian n.
     (l en Pascal)
     n.
     1 (lb en countable) (given name en male from=Latin) used in medieval
  England; today occasionally borrowed from (der en fr -).
     2 (lb en countable) (surname en from=given names).
     3 # The French mathematician and physicist (w lang=en Blaise Pascal)
     4 (lb en programming language) An imperative procedural programming
  language intended to encourage good programming practices through the
  use of structure.

  Pascal
     n.
     1 (lb en countable) (given name en male from=Latin) used in medieval
  England; today occasionally borrowed from (der en fr -).
     2 (lb en countable) (surname en from=given names).
     3 # The French mathematician and physicist (w lang=en Blaise Pascal)
     4 (lb en programming language) An imperative procedural programming
  language intended to encourage good programming practices through the
  use of structure.

  pascal
     Danish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure and stress)
     Finnish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure or stress)
     Hungarian n.
     #English (gloss: the unit of pressure and stress)
     Spanish n.
     (l en pascal)

  Pascal
     German n.
     n pascal (unit)
     German n.
     n (given name de male from=French)
     Hungarian n.
     (l en Pascal)

  pascal
     Danish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure and stress)
     Finnish n.
     #English (gloss: unit of pressure or stress)
     Hungarian n.
     #English (gloss: the unit of pressure and stress)
     Spanish n.
     (l en pascal)

  Pascal
     German n.
     n pascal (unit)
     German n.
     n (given name de male from=French)
     Hungarian n.
     (l en Pascal)

  pascal
     Ranska a.
     pääsiäinen
     Ranska n.
     (l)

  pascal
     n.
     paineen SI-järjestelmän mukainen yksikkö (tunnus Pa)

  pascal
     Engelska n.
     (tagg kat=fysik språk=en) #Svenska
     Finska n.
     (tagg kat=fysik språk=fi) #Svenska
     n.
     (tagg: fysik) enhet för tryck, som betecknas Pa och definieras som en
  newton per kvadratmeter

  Pascal
     Tyska n.
     (tagg kat=fysik språk=de) pascal

  pascal
     n.
     (tagg: fysik) enhet för tryck, som betecknas Pa och definieras som en
  newton per kvadratmeter

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
  паскал
  Physik: SI-Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
  Πασκάλ
  Physik: SI-Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ (Pa /pˈɑː/) 
   [phys.] pascal Pa,  /pˈɑː/
           Note: unit of pressure
           Note: Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
   [comp.] Pascal 

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
  pascal
  Physik: SI-Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pasˈkal/ 
  Pascal
  Informatik: als Lernsprache konzipierte Programmiersprache für strukturierte Programmierung

  Pascal /pasˈkal/ /pasˈkal/ 
  Pascal, Paschal
  männlicher Vorname

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
  pascal
  Physik: SI-Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pˈaskɑːl/ 
  pascal
  Physik: SI-Einheit des Drucks

  Pascal /pasˈkal/ /pasˈkal/ 
  Pascual
  männlicher Vorname

  Pascal /pˈaskəl/
  باسكال

  pascal //pæsˈkæl// //pæˈskæl// //ˈpæskl̩// //ˈpæskəl// /[pʰæsˈkʰæɫ]/ /[pʰæˈskæɫ]/ 
  паска́л, паскал
  SI unit of pressure and stress

  pascal /pˈaskəl/
  programovací jazyk Pascal

  pascal /pˈaskəl/ 
  pascal

  pascal /pˈaskəl/
  jednotka tlaku

  pascal /pˈaskəl/ (Pa /pˈɑː/)
  Pascal  [phys.] Pa,  /pˈɑː/
           Note: Einheit des Drucks
           Note: unit of pressure

  Pascal /pˈaskəl/
  Pascal  [comp.]

  pascal //pæsˈkæl// //pæˈskæl// //ˈpæskl̩// //ˈpæskəl// /[pʰæsˈkʰæɫ]/ /[pʰæˈskæɫ]/ 
  pascal
  SI unit of pressure and stress

  pascal /pˈaskəl/
  paszkál

  pascal //pæsˈkæl// //pæˈskæl// //ˈpæskl̩// //ˈpæskəl// /[pʰæsˈkʰæɫ]/ /[pʰæˈskæɫ]/ 
  pascal
  SI unit of pressure and stress

  pascal //pæsˈkæl// //pæˈskæl// //ˈpæskl̩// //ˈpæskəl// /[pʰæsˈkʰæɫ]/ /[pʰæˈskæɫ]/ 
  パスカル
  SI unit of pressure and stress

  pascal //pæsˈkæl// //pæˈskæl// //ˈpæskl̩// //ˈpæskəl// /[pʰæsˈkʰæɫ]/ /[pʰæˈskæɫ]/ 
  pascal
  SI unit of pressure and stress

  Pascal /paskˈal/
  Paskal

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  паскал
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  Pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  πασχαλινός

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  πασκάλ
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pasquale

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  パスカル
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  paskalis
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  paskal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  паскаль
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /pas.kal/ 
  pascal
  unité de mesure

  pascal /paskˈal/ 
  pascal

  pascal
  pascal

  Pascal
  Pascal

  Pascal 
  Pascal  

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  паска́л

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  Pascal

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  πασκάλ

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  pascal

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  pascal

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  pascal

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  パスカル

  pascal /pˈaskal/ 
  pascal

  
/pasˈkal/

  
/pæˈskæɫ/

  
/ˈpɑscɑl/

  
/paskal/

     n. 法国哲学家
     n. 计算机程序设计语言